internet protocol stack:
- application layer: supports the Network Applications (http, imap, smtp)
- transport layer: process to process data transfer (TCP, UDP)
- network layer: routing of datagrams from source to destination (IP, routing protocols)
- link layer (or data layer, or data link): data transfer between neighboring network elements (ethernet, 802.11 (wifi), PPP)
- physical layer: bits “on the wire”
ISO/OSI reference model
This model adds two layers that are not found in the internet protocol stack, where if needed they must be implemented in the application.
iso/osi reference model:
